Coupling accretion flow and jets in black hole X-ray binaries: insights from the multi-wavelength emission of Cygnus X-1

9 Sept 2026, 12:45
15m
Cefalù

Cefalù

Cefalù, province of Palermo, Sicily. Sala delle Capriate in the Town Hall (Piazza Duomo).

Speaker

Julien Malzac (IRAP (CNRS / Universite de Toulouse))

Description

We investigate the radio to MeV spectral energy distribution (SED) of the proto typical stellar-mass black hole, Cygnus X-1.

We model the SED by combining the jet Internal Shocks Emission Model (ISHEM) with the JED-SAD model (Jet Emitting Disk – Standard Accretion Disk) which links accretion and ejection.During the fitting procedure the jet kinetic power and average Lorentz factor of the ISHEM jet are tied those predicted by the JED-SAD model. This coupling provides a self-consistent fit across the electromagnetic spectrum, confirming the physical connection between the disk and jet. The ISHEM jet reproduces the flat radio to IR spectrum as driven by internal shocks, while the JED-SAD hybrid accretion flow model accounts for the X-ray components of the spectrum.

Yet, the so called 'MeV excess' component —a long-standing puzzle— remains unaccounted for. Polarimetric observations with INTEGRAL have suggested a synchrotron origin in a highly ordered magnetic field for the MeV component. Although jet synchrotron emission may appear as a natural explanation, we find that the jet model struggles to account for the observed MeV flux levels.

As an alternative, we suggest a magnetospheric synchrotron scenario, where leptons accelerated near the horizon of the black hole emit synchrotron radiation in an extreme magnetic field (~10^8 G). This component, integrated with ISHEM and JED-SAD, successfully reproduces the broad-band spectrum of Cygnus X-1, offering a plausible explanation for the MeV emission.

The upcoming launch of the Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI) should clarify the nature of the MeV excess.

Author

Julien Malzac (IRAP (CNRS / Universite de Toulouse))

Co-authors

Benjamin Crinquand Dr Elisabeth Jourdain (IRAP (CNRS/CNES/Universite de Toulouse)) Dr Gregoire Marcel (University of Turku) Jeroni Massip (IRAP) Prof. Jonathan FERREIRA (Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France) Noemi Barnier Dr pierre-olivier petrucci (Institute of Planetary science and Astrophysics of Grenoble)

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