The Time Machine Factory [unspeakable, speakable] on Time Travel - TMF2024

22 Sept 2024, 08:30 → 25 Sept 2024, 23:59 Europe/Rome

Vallauri Hall (INRiM historical building, Turin)

Mariateresa Crosta (INAF-OATo), Marco Gramegna (INRiM), Lorenzo Fatibene (Dep. Mathematica, UNITo), Sandro Coriasco (UNITo)

In line with previous editions, the Time Machine Factory [unspeakable, speakable] on Time Travel - 2024 conference focuses on causality and non-locality in physics,  and the insurgence of situations where causality or chronology can potentially be violated, and how this relates to the existence of “time machines”.

The conference has the following aims

• Revive the interest in studying time travel, which poses new mathematical challenges and could not be ruled out by physics
• Study the role of causality in fundamental physics including General Relativity and Quantum mechanics
• Explore the mathematical, physical and logical consequences of closed timelike curves and other mechanisms which allow time travels
• Contribute to a comprehensive vision of the underlying issues as well as exploring potential applications to relativistic and quantum metrology and space-time navigation, especially in view of new stellar maps produced by surveying space missions like Gaia.

Although violations of chronology might seem to contradict common sense and lead to logical paradoxes, “time machines” are not ruled out by the current laws of physics.

The conference will highlight new horizons in physics and astrophysics associated with the possible existence of a Time Machine. Examining these fundamental issues provides an opportunity to initiate new ideas and investigations, which explore the role of causality and the interplay between General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics, two theories that on their own have been extensively verified by experiment but have not yet been successfully combined into a single unified theory.

 

^{The conference is organized by the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF-OATo), the National Metrology  Institute of Italy (INRiM), the Department of Mathematics “G. Peano” (University of Turin, UNITo), with also the sponsorship of the Italian Society for General Relativity and Gravitational Physics (SIGRAV).
Partners: Centro Studi Herakles ,  National Museum of Cinema  for the public event @Cinema Massimo,  Made in Jail.} 

^{The badge holder lanyards were made by Stefania Rabaioli  and the proceeds  were donated to "Una Zampa per Amica" , a small association that takes care of stray and abandoned dogs.}

TM2024_Poster.pdf

Sunday 22 September

20:00 → 23:00 Social Event: Movies @Cinema Massimo - Sala 2, introduced by Seth Lloyd, Michelle Reilly and David Kubiznak

20:00 Short films: Screening of three short films about time travel by Michele Reilly, Andrey Kezzin, and Seth Lloyd

A screening of three short films about time travel by Michele Reilly, Andrey Kezzin, and Seth Lloyd:

Steeplechase
Stag Hunt, and
Pope Bans Time Travel Pilgrimages,

All three films won multiple prizes at Cannes and film festivals around the world.

Speakers: David Kubiznak (Institute for Theoretical Physics, Charles University, Prague), Michelle Reilly, Seth Lloyd

21:00 Movie "Primer" by Shane Carruth

Screening of the movie Primer by Shane Carruth.

Monday 23 September

08:30 → 09:00 Registration

09:00 → 09:10 Welcome

09:10 → 12:30 Session I. Chronology and causality, CTS

Convener: Prof. Sandro Coriasco (UNITo)

09:10 The Cauchy Problem in Spacetimes with Closed Timelike Curves

In this talk we will start by reviewing the structure of some model spacetimes containing closed timelike curves (CTCs) such as Misner space, and spacetimes with moving or rotating cosmic strings. In general such spacetimes contain both a chronal and non-chronal region separated by a Cauchy horizon. We give initial data for the wave equation on a partial Cauchy surface in the chronal region and show that the Cauchy problem is well-posed up to and on the chronology horizon. We then consider extending the solution beyond the chronology horizon. In the model spacetimes we can first pass to an covering space and then introduce coordinates so that the identifying isometries are manifest in one periodic coordinate. Factoring out this coordinate we obtain a reduction of the wave equation which turns out to be of mixed type, changing from hyperbolic to elliptic on the horizon. The well-posedness of the solution then turns out to be similar to that of the classical Tricomi problem which is also a PDE which changes type on a hypersurface. We end by discussing the situation in more general spacetimes.

Speaker: James Vickers (University of Southampton)

Vickers_CTCs Turin 2024.pdf

09:45 Asymptotic analysis of isolated gravitational systems

A central result within mathematical relativity is the well-posedness of the initial value formulation of GR for initial data satisfying Einstein constraint equations, where uniqueness of maximal globally hyperbolic developments of initial data is consistent with the type of determinism expected from classical physical theories. In this context, isolated gravitational systems are modelled by asymptotically Euclidean initial data sets, and there are physically reasonable expectations about the asymptotic behaviour of these systems. It turns out that a rigorous mathematical understanding of the conditions that guarantee these expectations is still an open problem. This is crucial to make canonically conserved quantities carrying physical information well-defined. In the case of the ADM energy and linear momentum, precise geometric criteria making them well-defined are well-known, but for the finer ADM center of mass and angular momentum this is not the case, and ad-hoc asymptotic conditions, expected to hold for reasonable physical systems, tend to be demanded. In this talk, we will comment on recent advances related to regularity theory and asymptotic analysis of geometric partial differential equations which allow one to partially characterise in pure geometric terms those initial data sets which indeed obey these expected asymptotic properties.

Speaker: Rodrigo Avalos (University of Tübingen)

Avalos_Asymptotic analysis of isolated gravitational systems.pdf

10:20 Coffee Break

10:50 The singularity theorems of General Relativity and their low regularity extensions

We review several recent low regularity versions of the singularity theorems of General Relativity. Following a brief recap of the classical theorems of Penrose and Hawking we focus on the analytical aspects of their proofs. In particular, we discuss focusing results for causal geodesics in the case of merely locally Lipschitz spacetime metrics and present corresponding recent extensions of the classical theorems. We also address the interrelation of these result to versions of the singularity theorems in the settings of closed cone structures due to Ettore Minguzzi and of metric measure geometry due to Fabio Cavalletti and Andrea Mondino.

Speaker: Roland Steinbauer (Faculty of Mathematics, University of Vienna)

Steinbauer-TMF-2024.pdf

11:25 Practical applications of closed timelike curves

This talk investigates the practical applications of projective closed timelike curves (PCTCs).
Because PCTCs can be realized in the laboratory via post-selected experiments, some of the more counter-intuitive effects of closed timelike curves can actually be implemented. We discuss the enhancement of measurement accuracy via PCTCs, the application of closed timelike curves to game theory, and possible near-term experimental realizations.

Speaker: Seth Lloyd (MIT)

12:05 The motion of gyroscopes and spinning particles on closed timelike curves.

In General Relativity, time travel is associated with the existence of closed timelike curves. Such trajectories model the history of point particles, and so in this description, the body travelling into its own past is devoid of any structure. In order to begin the process of describing time-travelling extended bodies, we consider the motion of gyroscopes and spinning particles along closed timelike curves. We argue that such motion generically involves contradictions that are enforced by the laws of physics - as expressed in the equations of motion of these bodies. This presents a challenge to Novikov's self-consistency principle of time travel.

Speaker: Brien Nolan (Dublin City University)

Nolan_TMF 2024.pdf

12:30 → 13:45 Lunch Break

13:45 → 14:55 Session V. Teleportation, entanglement and decoherence

Convener: Prof. Lorenzo Maccone

13:45 Quantum measures of correlation in time

In my talk I will review the idea of pseudo-density matrices (PDMs), which are states of physical systems "stretching across" time. They arise by treating different instances of time as different Hilbert spaces connected by the usual tensor product structure that is normally used for spatial modes (i.e., different instances of time become different modes in this formulation). I will then talk about entropic measures of correlation as functions of PDMs. Various comparisons will be made with the traditional spatial measures of entanglement, discord and classical correlations.

Speaker: Prof. Vlakto Vedral (University of Oxford)

VlatkoVedral_talk24.pdf

14:20 The information-theoretic foundation of thermodynamic work extraction

I will present a general theorem stating that if one can extract diffrent amounts of work deterministically from from a system prepared in any one of a set of states, then those states must be perfectly distinguishable from one another. This result is formulated independently of scale and of particular dynamical laws; it also provides a novel connection between thermodynamics and information theory, established via the law of conservation of energy rather than via the second law of thermodynamics. I will briefly discuss the implications of this result for the theory of von Neumann's universal constructor and for the recently proposed witnesses of non-classicality in hybrid quantum systems.

Speaker: Chiara Marletto (University of Oxford)

Marletto_Turin_Time_Machine_2024.pdf

14:55 → 18:15 Session II. Time travel and consistency

Convener: Prof. Lorenzo Maccone

14:55 Inner-extremal regular black holes from pure gravity

It is well known that (static) regular black hole spacetimes can be sourced by appropriately chosen theories of non-linear electrodynamics. More recently, it was shown that many such models can also be obtained as solutions of vacuum gravity equations, upon considering an infinite series of quasi-topological higher curvature corrections. After reviewing both these approaches, I will show that the latter construction can be upgraded
to yield regular black holes with vanishing inner horizon surface gravity. In four dimensions, such a condition is necessary for the absence of classical instabilities associated with mass inflation on the inner horizon.

Speaker: Prof. David Kubiznak (Institute for Theoretical Physics, Charles University, Prague)

Kubiznak_TurinFinal3.pdf

15:30 Coffee Break

16:00 Beyond black holes, ultra-strong gravity spacetimes

The area of spatially stable marginally trapped surfaces (MTS) has a bound that depends on the minimum of a particular component of the Einstein tensor. I will prove that any spacetime containing spatially stable MTSs with area approaching the bound acquire universal properties generically. In particular, they possess marginally trapped tubes foliated by MTS of spherical topology, composed of a dynamical horizon portion and a timelike membrane portion that meet at a preferred round sphere $S$ with constant Gaussian curvature and the maximal area. All such marginally trapped tubes change signature at $S$, and they develop towards the past with increasing area without limitation. A future singularity also arises. This has particular relevance in the presence of a positive cosmological constant $\Lambda$, as then the minimum value is universal and given by $\Lambda$ itself. These "ultra-massive" spacetimes are more powerful than black holes, as they produce a collapsing universe with no event horizon. They can even overcome the repulsive force of the cosmological constant. Examples and implications will be discussed.

Speaker: Jose Maria Martin Senovilla (Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF))

Senovilla_Torino2024.pdf

16:35 Avoiding singularities in Lorentzian-Euclidean black holes: the role of atemporality

We investigate a Schwarzschild metric exhibiting a signature change across the event horizon, which gives rise to what we term a Lorentzian-Euclidean black hole. The resulting geometry is regularized by employing the Hadamard partie finie technique, which allows us to prove that the metric represents a solution of vacuum Einstein equations. In this framework, we introduce the concept of atemporality as the dynamical mechanism responsible for the transition from a regime with a real-valued time variable to a new one featuring an imaginary time. We show that this mechanism prevents the occurrence of the singularity and, by means of the regularized Kretschmann invariant, we discuss in which terms atemporality can be considered as the characteristic feature of this black hole. The physical foundation of the approach can be related to the conservation laws. In fact, the black hole is singularity free if Noether symmetries, related to the size and the mass of the gravitational system, are not violated. In other words, the emergence of imaginary time is the signature of a symmetry breaking. In this perspective, it is not possible to enter the black hole and the event horizon becomes the limit of our knowledge according to the standard laws of physics. Future challenges are related to the observational signatures of atemporality which actually means that the information comes only from the external black hole solution and, in addition, it is conserved. Other open issues are related to the quantum counterpart of the model. In fact, we could conceive the event horizon as a sort of potential barrier and the investigation of quantum particles impacting against it could open an interesting phenomenology to be explored.

Speaker: Salvatore Capozziello (Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF))

Capozziello_Talk_TMF.pdf

17:15 Quantum field theory in the presence of time-machines

In this talk I analyze the construction of quantum field theory in spacetimes that contain regions with closed timelike curves (CTCs). Additionally, I explore how particle detectors can discern the presence of CTCs in causally disconnected regions and differentiate between various spacetime topologies.

Speaker: Ana Alonso-Serrano (Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)

Alonso_Serrano_UDW time machines.pdf

17:50 Time Travel Paradoxes and Entangled Timelines

Before we can begin manufacturing time machines in our factory, we must consider whether those time machines could create time travel paradoxes, and if so, how these paradoxes might be resolved by existing or new laws of physics. We will first review the different types of time travel paradoxes and their proposed resolutions. Then we will present the results of our 3 recent papers (1911.11590, 2110.02448, 2303.07635) discussing different aspects of time travel paradoxes from the perspectives of both general relativity and quantum mechanics. We will argue that generic time travel paradoxes can only be resolved using the concept of parallel timelines, and suggest possibilities for how such timelines may manifest themselves.

Speaker: Barak Shoshany (Brock University)

Shoshany_Time Travel Paradoxes and Entangled Timelines.pdf

Tuesday 24 September

09:00 → 11:35 Session II. Time travel and consistency

Convener: Seth Lloyd

09:00 Relational Quantum Dynamics for Toy Models of Time Travel

The “problem of time” that approaches to quantum gravity have to either tackle or circumvent should, naturally, also occur in models of time travel trying to move beyond (semi-)classical gravity. From a viewpoint of canonical gravity a first hurdle to time travel is that the underlying quantization procedure relies on global hyperbolicity of the space-time to be quantized. As with any new theory, it is to be expected that expectations of earlier theories (like in this case, global hyperbolicity) would have to be tempered, changed, or let go in the successor theory. Recent advances in the understanding of relational dynamics in quantum theory have greatly propelled the field of time in quantum theories forward. In this talk we will present our recent efforts to combine such relational quantum dynamics and periodic clocks in the service of toy models for time travel. The goal will be to build a collection of toy models of varying degrees of complexity that should provide a view of quantum gravity beyond global hyperbolic space-times, and thus potentially new arguments against time travel.

Speaker: Sebastian Schuster (University of Sheffield/Stockholms Universitet)

Schuster_2024_09_Torino.pdf

09:25 Geometric Event-Based quantum mechanics (GEB): a fully covariant relativistic quantum mechanics

I present a fully covariant framework for quantum mechanics, where the
quantization is based on quantum events instead of quantum systems. The
dynamics is introduced through constraints. Hopefully, this means that
the same framework can be extended also to general relativity (up to now
we developed only the special relativistic case), where it should
account for CTCs using the, previously developed, post-selected
teleportation mechanism p-CTC that is based on constraint equations and
can account for CTCs in quantum mechanics.

Speaker: Prof. Lorenzo Maccone (Università di Pavia, INFN Sez. Pavia)

10:05 Resolution of The Quantum Clock-Time Observable

Time is perhaps the most enigmatic concept in physics [1]. Indeed, we still lack an acceptable explanation for the observed preferred direction of time, and a universally-accepted quantum treatment of time as an observable [2 - 4]. The observations of discrete symmetry violations of charge conjugation (𝐶), parity inversion (𝑃), and time reversal (𝑇) observed in high energy particle decays, have further complicated our understanding of nature [5]. Such discrete symmetry violations have been observed independent of position, and so occur over translations in time [6].
The recently introduced Quantum Theory of Time (QTT) [6] describes the evolution of a quantum state over time as a variable, undergoing virtual displacement, with translations generated by the Hamiltonian. The theory attributes the differences between the spatial and temporal dimensions to the violation of the time reversal symmetry. As a result of the asymmetry in the evolution of time, imposed by T-violation, the two unique Hamiltonians Ĥ𝐹 and Ĥ𝐵, representing the forward and backward directions of time, respectfully, maintain a non-zero commutator mediated by the effective strength of the local T-violation 𝜆 = 𝑖〈[Ĥ𝐹 , Ĥ𝐵]. This implies that the time shown by an accurate clock depends on the value of 𝜆 in its local region. If there is no T-violation present, the spatially-averaged time is fixed at one value and so there is no time evolution. However, with T-violation in the system, time is represented as fluctuating at every point in space about a spatially-averaged time that corresponds to the usual time evolution. Although QTT describes the change in the state of clock, it has not yet been applied directly to an operator that represents observable time, i.e. clock-time. The aim of this work is to investigate how the expectation value of a clock-time observable changes in time and determine the expected statistics of a clock, within QTT. For consistency with QTT, any time observable needs to have a canonically conjugate relationship with the Hamiltonian, due to the fact that the Hamiltonian is the generator of translations in time. We examine the complement of the Hamiltonian, Pegg’s Age operator [4], as a basis for defining the time observable. In QTT, a clock is represented as a composite system entangled with a T-violating background field, as an extension of Page and Wooters’ relational time [7]. Pegg defined the Age to represent time associated with changes in an arbitrary system. Age can be utilised in QTT to define the time associated with a clock-time observable. Here we apply the Age operator to explore the time-energy uncertainty relation for clock-time and the potential correlation of clock-time with temporal fluctuations in the T-violating background field. We further examine the relationship of the observable to conventional studies of time in quantum mechanics such as the time associated with time-of-flight measurement [8].
[1] C. Rovelli. The Order of Time, Penguin Books Limited (2017).
[2] A. S. Eddingotn. The Nature of the Physical World, 276-81, Nature 137, 255 (1927).
[3] W. Pauli. Die allgemeinen prinzipien der wellenmechanik. Springer, Berlin, p.84, 190 (1990).
[4] D.T. Pegg. Complement of the Hamiltonian, Phys. Rev. A. 58. 10.1103/PhysRevA.58.4307 (1998).
[5] Lees, J. P. et al. Observation of Time-Reversal Violation in the 𝐵0 Meson System, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109. 211801 (2012),
[6] J. A. Vaccaro. Quantum asymmetry between time and space, Proc. R. Soc. A. 472, 2185 (2016).
[7] D. N. Page and W. K. Wooters. Evolution without evolution: Dynamics described by stationary observables, Phys. Rev. D. 27.
2885 (1983),
[8] D.J. Lum. Ultrafast time-of-flight 3D LiDAR. Nat. Photonics 14, 2–4 (2020).

Speaker: Dr Khai Bordon (Griffith University)

Khai TMF2024.pptx

10:40 Coffee Break

11:00 Black to White hole transitions as (forward) time machines

I review ideas regarding the possibility that black holes can become white holes through a quantum gravity process. Indeed, an observer passing through such a region of spacetime would effectively be travelling in the far future compared to an observer far from the effect, and vice versa should a white hole become black!

Speaker: Marios Christodoulou (Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information - Austria)

11:35 → 12:45 Session III. Space travel, wormholes: Morning session

Convener: David Kubiznak (Institute for Theoretical Physics, Charles University, Prague)

11:35 Non-exotic modified gravity wormholes and closed timelike curves

The flaring-out condition at a wormhole’s throat is a fundamental aspect of wormhole physics, which, in the context of classical general relativity, leads to a violation of the null energy condition. In this work, we explore the broadest possible conditions under modified gravity, where the matter threading the wormhole throat satisfies the energy conditions. In fact, it is the higher-order curvature effects, interpreted as a gravitational fluid, that sustain these non-standard wormhole geometries. Our analysis demonstrates that wormholes can theoretically exist without requiring exotic matter, but rather within the framework of modified gravity. Interestingly, these non-trivial geometries have the potential to generate closed timelike curves, thus posing challenges to the concept of causality. Given that causality is central to the formulation of physical theories, the prospect of time travel and the resulting paradoxes demands careful scrutiny. This presentation will address these critical issues in detail.

Speaker: Prof. Francisco S.N. Lobo (Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences - Departamento de Física da FCUL)

Lobo_Turim_TMFact_2024.pptx

12:10 Can one peek inside black holes using a wormhole?

In the extreme mass ratio limit, the evolution of the event horizon in a merging event between a large black hole and a small compact object can be computed exactly with elementary ray-tracing techniques. I will describe what happens when the small body is an Ellis-Bronnikov traversable wormhole. A double-mouth wormhole within the same universe is obtained by gluing two such geometries --- in this setting the ratio of the distance between the two mouths to the distance traversed through the wormhole plays an important role.
At scales comparable to the wormhole, its geometry drastically distorts the planar horizon of the large black hole. When a `short' wormhole falls in, the horizon wraps around it and an island is formed, representing a region of spacetime that is spatially disconnected from the exterior of the black hole, but in causal contact with future null infinity (through the wormhole). This region shrinks as time evolves and eventually disappears. The lifetime of the island essentially grows linearly with the inter-mouth distance, but also decreases linearly with the length of the wormhole throat. Imposing physically reasonable energy conditions severely restricts the duration of the open communication channel with the interior of the black hole.

Speaker: Antonia Micol Frassino (Alcalá U. & ICCUB)

12:55 → 14:10 Lunch Break

14:10 → 16:00 Session III. Space travel, wormholes: Afternoon session

Convener: David Kubiznak (Institute for Theoretical Physics, Charles University, Prague)

14:10 Improvements on Casimir Wormholes

We describe the connection between a traversable wormhole and the Casimir effect. With the help of an equation of state we also discuss different forms of solutions related to the Casimir source. The effect of including an electromagnetic field, temperature and rotations to the original energy density are also discussed.

Speaker: Remo Garattini (Università degli Studi di Bergamo)

Garattini TMF 2024.pdf

14:45 Nucleation of Wormholes and Topology Changes in Lorentzian Geometry.

The possibility that the topology of space can change even at a classical level in General Relativity necessitates abandoning either the causality conditions or the equivalence principle. If the causal structure is regarded as fundamental, topology changes are possible by allowing singularities, degenerate tetrads, or gravitational instantons, i.e., Riemannian solutions of the Einstein equations with interesting geometrical and topological properties. Conversely, if the equivalence principle is considered fundamental, spacetime is described by an everywhere non-degenerate Lorentzian geometry, requiring the existence of closed time-like curves for topology transitions to occur. Specifically, the formation of a wormhole from a topologically trivial configuration of space is constrained in the Lorentzian case by topological invariants of the spacetime manifold, even allowing for causality violations. Such topological restrictions are kinematical, independent of the equations of motion, and arise only from global requirements on spacetime. In this session, these topological constraints are presented in the case where the transition occurs in a finite region of space and is mediated by a Lorentzian cobordism. Special emphasis will be given to the nucleation of a wormhole by 3-dimensional topological surgery and the maintenance of the Lorentzian structure by employing Misner's trick of taking connected sums with closed 4-manifolds.

Speaker: Mr Alessandro Pisana (Brock University)

15:10 Z-machine, Levi-Civita Solution and Wormholes

In 1917 Tullio Levi-Civita exactly solved the Einstein-Maxwell equations for the artificial and very tiny gravitational field created by the energy of a static and extremely intense magnetic or electric field.
In 1995 Claudio Maccone extended that Levi-Civita solution so as to check its validity by virtue of the Z_machine existing at Sandia Labs in the USA.
In 2000 Dr. Slutz’s reply from Sandia Labs was that not even the Z_machine would be powerful enough to carry on the experimental verification of the theory.
Thus, the only hope we have as of 2024 is to devise some new astronomical method allowing the measurement of artificial gravity in the proximity of magnetars.
Finally, some speculations are made to see if these theoretical results may be related to Wormhole Theory.

Speaker: Claudio Maccone (Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF))

Maccone_PRESENTATION.pdf

15:35 Inaccessibility of traversable wormholes

Wormhole solutions in general relativity have some spectacular local and global properties. An invariant characterisation of a wormhole's throat presents it as an outer marginal trapped surface subject to additional conditions. The requirement that this trapped surface forms within a finite time from the perspective of a distant observer leads to unusual properties of black and white holes and may be contentious. However, it is mandatory if a wormhole is to be traversable.

The paradigmatic traversable wormholes are described by static, spherically symmetric Ellis-Morris-Thorne and Simpson-Visser metrics. We show that no dynamical solution of the semiclassical Einstein equations can have these metrics as their static limit. Conversely, possible static limits of the allowed dynamical solutions are not traversable and result in the breach of a quantum energy inequality that limits the null energy condition violations by quantum fields and/or divergent tidal forces. This finding holds irrespective of the specific properties of fields suggested for wormhole construction, indicating that spherically symmetric wormholes are not feasible in semiclassical gravity. This conclusion does not depend on specific properties of fields that may be proposed for wormhole construction. As a result, spherically symmetric wormholes cannot exist in semiclassical gravity.

Speaker: Daniel Terno (Macquarie University)

Terno.pdf

16:00 → 16:30 Coffee Break

16:30 → 18:45 Session IV. Faster than light, warp drive

Convener: Mariateresa Crosta (Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF))

16:30 Astronavigation

Speaker: Mario Gilberto Lattanzi (Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF))

17:05 Warp Drives, Black Holes, and Wormholes

As was shown by Ellis in gr-qc/0411096, one can establish a
correspondence between the Schwarzschild metric and a warp drive-type
metric, making it possible to consider a warp drive in a black hole
background. We elaborate upon this result and demonstrate that the
black hole's gravitational field can alleviate the violations of
energy conditions, reducing the amount of negative energy required to
sustain a warp bubble. Besides, we demonstrate that the black hole
horizon is effectively absent for the observers inside the bubble,
making it possible for them to send a light signal from the inside to
the outside.

We also generalize the Ellis scheme to the case of Morris-Thorne
wormholes and prove that Alcubierre warp drives cannot traverse
humanly traversable wormholes and can only pass through those that
either have a horizon or violate the flare-out condition. However,
this "no-go" theorem does not apply to another class of warp drive
solutions, the spherically symmetric warp drives, that are not
localized in space, and have the form of spherical waves.

Speaker: Kirill Zatrimaylov (Università degli Studi di Bergamo)

Zatrimaylov_talk.pdf

17:30 A new proposal for covariant warp drive

Thirty years after Alcubierre introduced the concept of the warp drive spacetime in General Relativity (GR), extensive literature has emerged on his model and its generalizations. However, these models, which we refer to as "restricted warp drive" models, are limited within the context of GR. In contrast, we propose a new approach called the "tilted warp drive," which incorporates essential elements missing from previous models, such as covariant descriptions of motion, including tilted, accelerated, and vortical motions.

In this talk, I will discuss the major significance of the tilt in advancing towards a feasible physical warp drive model. I will present the key concepts and an example demonstrating the potential of this new proposal, which opens a new avenue of research. This approach, not previously explored in the literature, may lead the way towards a deeper understanding of a physical warp drive. If time permits, I will also link these spacetimes to cosmological models.
This is joint work with Thomas Buchert.

Speaker: Hamed Barzegar (CRAL, ENS de Lyon, UCBL)

17:55 A Subluminal Warp Drive Solution Satisfying Energy Conditions

Warp drives offer intriguing possibilities for novel transportation methods. This study presents a groundbreaking solution for a constant velocity subluminal warp drive that satisfies all energy conditions. Our approach combines a stable matter shell with a shift vector distribution resembling established warp drive solutions, such as the Alcubierre metric. We numerically generate the spacetime metric and rigorously evaluate the energy conditions. Importantly, we demonstrate that the shift vector distribution cannot be reduced to a mere coordinate transformation, confirming the physical significance of our solution. This research marks a significant advancement in warp drive theory by showing that classic warp drive spacetimes can be modified to satisfy energy conditions through the addition of a regular matter shell with a positive ADM mass. Our findings open new avenues for theoretical explorations of faster-than-light travel within the constraints of general relativity and provide a foundation for future studies in this exciting field.

Speaker: Jared Fuchs (Applied Physics)

Fuchs_Constant Velocity Presentation.pdf

18:20 The Future of Warp Drive Research

Warp drives are exotic solutions in general relativity that allow inertial observers to accelerate and reach subluminal or superluminal speeds relative to other inertial observers. The field of warp drives was defined three decades ago with the famous Alcubierre metric and its generalization, the Natário metric. Both classes of warp drives feature propulsion-less acceleration, zero ADM mass, and shift-only metrics. Moreover, both these classes violate all the energy conditions, which made these solutions perceived as historically quirky and unphysical. Recently, a new wave of warp drive research has emerged, with several new metrics proposed by us and other groups. It has become clear that there are many more warp drive spacetimes than initially conceived, not necessarily limited to the earlier constraints. To explore these spacetimes, we have introduced a new software tool called Warp Factory (which can also be turned into a Time Machine Factory), capable of rapidly numerically evaluating the physicality of arbitrarily complex metrics and visualizing warp drives. With it, we have already found an unambiguously physical constant velocity solution and an accelerating hovering solution. Remarkably, the field seems to be invigorated, with novel ideas proposed by many groups around the world. These include collapsing warp drives, their gravitational wave signatures, and the first explorations into mechanisms of physical acceleration. What does the future of warp drive research look like? It appears remarkably bright as the field is still in its infancy.

Speaker: Alexey Bobrick (Applied Physics)

19:45 → 22:45 Social Dinner

30 minutes walk from the conference venue.

Menu
- Antipasti (Starters):
> Vitello tonnato
> Carpaccio di marlin al salmoriglio
- Primo (First course):
> Plin burro e salvia
- Secondo (Second course):
> Stracotto di vitello al vino bianco
- Dessert:
> Bunet
- Vino (Wine): Arneis e Nebbiolo

SocialDinner.pdf

Wednesday 25 September

09:00 → 12:55 Session V. Teleportation, entanglement and decoherence: Morning session

Convener: Marco Genovese (INRIM)

09:00 Relativistic tunneling and attempts at superluminal signaling

Numerical solutions of the Dirac equation show that, post-selected for tunneling, relativistic electrons can exhibit transit time distributions with a peak corresponding to superluminal effective velocity. However, a non-negligible effect is seen only when tunneling probability is very small. If one attempts to send a signal using many electrons to compensate for the low tunneling probability, a distribution of signaling times is obtained with superluminal effective speed. However, we find that the signal always arrives slightly earlier if carried by the same number of photons traveling in a vacuum. The effective superluminality that is seen results from the uncertainty in the initial particle - electron or photon - position.

Speaker: Randy Dumont (McMaster University)

Dumont_DiracT_Torino_24.pdf

09:25 GINGERINO: a quantum gyroscope

Recently, we have experimentally proved that the noise limit for GINGERINO, a running large frame ring laser gyroscope installed inside the Gran Sasso National Laboratory, contradicts the shot-noise limit so far predicted for this class of instruments. Starting from a review on the measurement principles of a Sagnac RLG, we present this result and discuss a possible novel theoretical approach to explain the observed discrepancy. The Sagnac effect being due to the different travel times of two beams travelling inside a closed rotating loop, is strictly related to the relation between time and space. Then, we introduce the GINGER experiment, under construction in LNGS, in the frame of experimental gravity and general relativity.

Speaker: Dr Alberto Porzio (Università di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale, SPIN CNR, INFN)

Porzio20240925.pdf

10:00 Quantum clocks, reference frames and the relational flow of time

In this talk I will use the Page-Wootters "timeless" framework for analyzing dynamics from the perspective of inertial and non-inertial quantum clocks. I will derive a new time-energy uncertainty relation indicating that the duration of an energy measurement carried out by an external system cannot be performed arbitrarily fast from the perspective of the internal clock [1]. In addition, when using the relativistic mass-energy equivalence to study an accelerating massive quantum particle with an internal clock I will show that the evolution from the perspective of that clock is non-Hermitian [2]. As a particular consequence, I will prove that the effective Hamiltonian of two gravitationally interacting particles is non-Hermitian from the perspective of the clock of either particle [2]. If time lets me, I will discuss some related results addressing dynamical nonlocality [3] and spatiotemporal quantum reference frames [4] in light of the relativistic independence principle [5].
References
[1] I.L. Paiva, A.C. Lobo, and E. Cohen, Quantum 6 (2022) 683.
[2] I.L. Paiva, A. Te’eni, B.Y. Peled, E. Cohen, and Y. Aharonov, Commun. Phys. 5 (2022) 298.
[3] I.L. Paiva, M. Nowakowski, and E. Cohen, Phys. Rev. A 105 (2022) 042207.
[4] M. Suleymanov, I.L. Paiva, and E. Cohen, Phys. Rev. A 109 (2024) 032205.
[5] A. Carmi, and E. Cohen, Sci. Adv. 5 (2019) eaav8370

Speaker: Prof. Elihau Cohen (Faculty of Engineering and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel )

Cohen_TMF24_Short version.pptx

10:35 Coffee Break

11:05 Temporal witnesses of non-classicality and conservation laws

A general entanglement-based witness of non-classicality has recently been proposed, which can be applied to testing quantum effects in gravity. This witness is based on generating entanglement between two quantum probes via a mediator. We provide a "temporal" variant of this witness, using a single quantum probe to assess the non-classicality of the mediator. Within the formalism of quantum theory, we show that if a system $M$ can induce a coherent dynamical evolution of a quantum system $Q$, in the presence of a conservation law, then $M$ must be non-classical. We shall explore the possibility of interpreting this temporal witness of non-classicality as the equivalent of generating entanglement in time between the single probe $Q$ before and after the evolution mediated by $M$, provided that a global quantity is conserved in the evolution. This creates a temporal parallel to the previously proposed entanglement-based witness of non-classicality, offering intriguing perspectives on locality in time and the connections between quantum correlation in space and time. Moreover, this argument supports witnesses of non-classicality relying on a single quantum probe, which can be applied to several open issues, notably in quantum gravity or quantum biology.

Speaker: Giuseppe Di Pietra (University of Oxford)

Di Pietra_Information_theoretical_witness_TMF24_noanimation2.pdf

11:30 Particles with Proper Time Oscillation

We demonstrate that a matter field with proper time oscillations has the properties of a quantum field. The particles observed are oscillators propagating back and forth in time. We also find that the internal time of the field is self-adjoint. The proper time oscillation of an observed particle satisfies an uncertainty relation analogous to that between spatial position and momentum. To test the theory, we propose to study the effects of the oscillations on a particle’s decaying time and arrival time.

Speaker: Hou Yau (San Francisco State University)

Hou Yau_presentation (Turin).pdf

11:55 Uncertainties and correlations in the framework of spatiotemporal quantum reference frames

The perspective-dependence of position and momentum uncertainties and their
correlations are studied in the framework of nonrelativistic spatiotemporal quantum
frames of reference [M. Suleymanov, I.L. Paiva, E. Cohen, Nonrelativistic
spatiotemporal quantum reference frames, Phys. Rev. A 109, 032205 (2024)]. One
of the results [M. Suleymanov, A. Carmi, E. Cohen, Uncertainties and covariances in
the framework of spatiotemporal quantum reference frames, forthcoming] is that,
even in the non-interacting case, the Heisenberg uncertainty relations of a certain
particle described by different observers do not coincide in general. What is invariant
and constant for all observers, in the current framework, is the determinant of the
frame-dependent total covariance matrix [A. Carmi, E. Cohen, Relativistic
independence bounds nonlocality, Sci. Adv. 5, eaav8370 (2019)]. A generalized
version of uncertainty relations is obtained for the relational description, affected by
the correlations between all subsystems in a chosen frame.

Speaker: Dr Michael Suleymanov

Suleymanov_TMF2024_Michael_25.09.pdf

12:30 Back-Action causes the Difference between Classical and Quantum Counterfactual Effects

We quantify the difference between classical and quantum counterfactual effects, where an output distribution is somehow changed by the removal of signal (``blocking'') at some point. We show that there is a counterfactual gain in quantum counterfactual communication, which quantifies the effect it has above and beyond any classical counterfactual effect, and that this counterfactual gain comes from coherences. This counterfactual gain contains a term proportional to a Kirkwood-Dirac quasiprobability term---when this is positive or zero, this counterfactual gain can only distribute probability more equitably over a the set of outputs; however, if this Kirkwood-Dirac term is negative, blocking can cause output probability to focus on a specific outcome. We show that this difference between quantum and classical counterfactual effects results from the measurement backaction caused by this blocking. We show that we cannot explain quantum counterfactual effects simply by removing detection events. We link this to attempts to argue from counterfactuals in quantum mechanics (e.g. when forming noncontextual and Bell inequalities), and show that this backaction effect forms a natural explanation for the violation of the statistical, or measurement, independence assumption used to form these inequalities.

Speaker: Jonte Hance (Newcastle University)

12:55 → 14:10 Lunch Break

14:10 → 14:35 Session V. Teleportation, entanglement and decoherence: Afternoon session

Convener: Marco Genovese (INRIM)

14:10 Proposal of an Interferometer for Quantum Gravity Tests

In contemporary physics, there is a quest to unite quantum theory and general relativity. Recently, there has been discussion about using the observation of gravity-induced entanglement to demonstrate the quantum nature of gravity. While some experimental proposals have been in this direction, the extreme technological requirements make their implementation quite challenging. We present a table-top interferometer that could enable less demanding quantum gravity tests. This interferometer relies on quantum superpositions of steady massive objects. It is compact and requires only short-range electromagnetic. Additionally, it allows for the re-use of the quantum probes involved

Speaker: Ettore Bernardi (INRIM)

Bernardi_Talk_time_machine_2024_bis.pdf

14:35 → 17:20 Session VI. Information paradox and thermodynamics of gravity

Convener: Prof. José M.M. Senovilla (UPV/EHU)

14:35 Carroll black holes

Carroll symmetries arise generically on null hypersurfaces, such as black hole event horizons or null infinity in asymptotically flat spacetimes. Carroll gravity is a gravitational theory based on Carroll symmetries. Carroll black holes are solutions of Carroll gravity that exhibit Carroll thermal properties and have a Carroll extremal surface. I review, motivate, and explain all these notions and address recent results on the Carroll Hawking effect.

Speaker: Daniel Grumiller (TU Wien)

Grumiller.pdf

15:10 Time machines, teleporters, and quasiregular singularities

In this talk, I review the Deutsch-Politzer spacetime, the related teleporter spacetime, and the quasiregular singularities necessarily present in such spacetimes. Such singularities, characterized by points with multiple future-directed and past-directed light cones, are generalizations of conical singularities and can reveal insights into topology change and the termination point of an evaporating black hole horizon. I then describe a gravity theory that can in principle provide a microscopic description for such singularities.

Speaker: Dr Justin Feng (CEICO, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences)

Feng_TimTel_TMF2024.pdf

15:35 Coffee Break

16:05 The effect of gravitational energy on horizon thermodynamics

Thermodynamics of local causal horizons binds together gravity, quantum entanglement and the Unruh effect in a relatively simple setting. Moreover, it offers an elegant way to derive the equations governing the gravitational dynamics. A central role in this derivation is played by the causal structure of the spacetime and the equivalence principle(s). In my talk, I explore how the quasi-local energy of the gravitational field affects the thermodynamics of local causal horizons, and whether it can lead to corrections to the Einstein field equations. I also comment on the role of the energy conditions in this approach.

Speaker: Marek Liška (Charles University, Prague)

Liška_Torino 2024.pdf

16:30 Gravity and nonequilibrium thermodynamics: the origin of evolution equations

An extension of standard nonequilibrium thermodynamics is presented, where the gravitational potential is a thermodynamic state variable, (P. Ván & S. Abe, Physica A 588 (2022) 126505). Then standard and rigorous methods of Rational Mechanics and nonequilibrium thermodynamic framework allow a set of evolution equations to be derived for the gravitational field and the derivation of thermodynamic forces and fluxes. The method effectively substitutes variational principles for ideal systems without dissipation, and provides the evolution equations for dissipative continua at the same time. An important aspect of this framework is the application of $\beta$-, or thermometer flow-frame (F. Becattini, Acta Physica Polonica B, (2016) 47:1819--1832), i.e. tying the flow of the continuum, the flow-frame, to the temperature four-vector, compared to the usual Landau-Lifshitz (or energy) or Eckart (conserved particle) flow-frames, which have been proved unstable.

With certain straightforward assumptions for the gravitating system, a nondissipative gravitational field equation can be derived in the form of a modified Poisson equation:

$$ \Delta \varphi = 4 \pi G \rho + K (\nabla \varphi)^2, $$

resulting in modified gravity. Analytical solutions show a double crossover, allowing for different gravitational behaviour on different size scales (S. Abe & P. Ván, Symmetry 2022, 14, 1048(7)). This property presents a possible approach to explain Dark Matter-related phenomena on galactic scales, and different dynamics on extragalactic scales. Moreover, a direct connection to quantum mechanics is presented, as well, (P. Ván, Physics of Fluids, (2023) 35(5).).

Speaker: Máté Pszota (Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary; HUN-REN Wigner RCP)

Time Machine_MP_pdf.pdf

Time Machine_MP_ppt.pptx

16:55 OGRe and OGRePy: Object-Oriented General Relativity in Mathematica and Python

I will present a detailed introduction to my Mathematica package, OGRe: (O)bject-Oriented (G)eneral (Re)lativity, and its Python port OGRePy, both of which would be of great interest to anyone doing research in general relativity. I will demonstrate the package's usage and features, including its ability to calculate arbitrary tensor formulas involving any combination of addition, multiplication, trace, contraction, and partial and covariant derivatives, while automatically figuring out the proper index configuration and coordinate system to use for each tensor. I will discuss how this package has been used in research so far, as well as future plans.

Speaker: Barak Shoshany (Brock University)

17:20 → 17:50 New instanton on a warped Kerr spacetime

We find an exact time-dependent instanton solution on a vacuum Kerr-like warped spacetime in conformal dilaton gravity. The antipodal boundary condition on the hypersurface of a Klein bottle $\sim \mathbb{C}^1\times\mathbb{C}^1$ is used to describe the Hawking particles. We used the Hopf fibration to get $S^2$ as the black hole horizon, where the centrix is not in a torus but in the Klein bottle. The twist fits very well with the antipodal identification of the point on the horizon. No "cut and past" is necessary, so the Hawing particles remain pure without instantaneous information transport.
A local observer passing the horizon will not notice a central singularity in suitable coordinates.
The black hole paradoxes are also revisited in our new black hole model.
A connection is made with the geomeric quantization of $\mathbb{C}^1\times\mathbb{C}^1\sim S^3$ by considering the symplectic 2-form.
Remarkably, the metric solution results from a first-order PDE, allowing the connection with self-duality.
The model can be easily extended to the non-vacuum situation by including a scalar field. Both the dilaton and the scalar field can be treated as quantum fields as we approach the Planck era.

Speaker: Dr Reinoud Slagter (ASFYON and University of Amsterdam, Phys Department, The Netherlands)

19:30 → 23:30 Social Event: Closing TMF2024 WINGS event & Performance

Conveners: Ana Alonso-Serrano (Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), Prof. Anetta Mona Chisa (Univ. of Prague, Associate Lecturer School of Art & Design), Antonia Micol Frassino (Alcalá U. & ICCUB), Prof. Oldrich Semerak (Univ. of Prague), Teresa Noronha Feio (https://teresanoronhafeio.wordpress.com)